V the Latin American Olympic Games of Chemistry
Santiago de Compostela, 1999
Thematic Units
- Dissolutions. Definition. Different forms from
expression of the concentration. Calculations of concentrations.
- acid
Balance base. Definition of acids and bases according to the concept of
Bronsted-Lowry. Definition of pH. Relation between the ionic product of the
water and the values of pK to and pK b Qualitative and
quantitative prediction of reactions acid-bases. I calculate of pH of acids and
strong, acid bases and weak bases. Calculation of pH of dissolutions of
anfolitos and cushioning dissolutions.
- Balance redox. Oxidating and
reducing agents. Law of Nernst. Relative force of oxidants and reducers.
Qualitative and quantitative prediction of reactions redox. Calculations of
potential of dissolutions that contain oxidants and/or reducers.
-
Balances of formation of simple complexes (stoichiometric relation 1:1).
Definition of constants of dissosciation and formation of complexes. Qualitative
and quantitative prediction of reactions of formation of complexes. Calculations
of concentration of the species involved in the complejación balance.
-
Balances of solubility. Definition of K s and pK s
Relation between solubility and constant K s Effect of the
common ion. Qualitative and quantitative prediction of reactions of hasty
formation and solubilización of. Calculations of concentration of the species
involved in the precipitation balance.
- cation Identification of blocks
" s " and " p " of the first series of transition elements. Anion identification
of more frequent use: halogenuros, nitrate, sulfide, sulphate, carbonate and
oxalato.
- Valuations acid-base, redox and of formation of complexes.
Use of visual indicators of reaction aim.
- Law of Lambert-Beer.
Applications.
- basic Principles of chromatography.
- electronic
Configuration: main groups, principle of exclusion of Pauli. Rule of Hund.
General tendencies within the main groups in the Periodic Table:
electronegatividad, atomic size (greater) number of oxidation, points of fusion
and boiling, metallic character. Metals of transition (of block " d").
Electroafinidad, energy of the first ionization, ionic size.
-
Nomenclature: composed of elements of the main groups, composed of transition
metals of the block d, number of coordination. Metallic complexes of cations of
the groups s, p,y 3d.
- Estequiometría: balance of equations, mass
ratios and volume, empirical formulas.
- Isotopes: count of nucleones,
radioactive decay, nuclear reactions (alpha, beta, neutrino gamma).
-
Elements of block " s ": products of the metal reaction of group I and II with
the water, relative basicity. Products of the reaction of metals with
halogenous. Products of reaction of metals of group I and II with oxygen.
Hidruros.
- Elements of the block " p ": products of the reaction of
these elements with Or 2 H 2 and Xs 2
.productos of the reaction of NOT 2 with the water, reducing
character of the HNO 3 and its salts, oxidating character of the HNO
3 and its salts; in composed with halogenous and oxianiones, the
elements of the second and third row of the Periodic Table normally have the
following states of oxidation: B(iii), Al(III), Si(IV), P(v), S(iv or VI),
O(ii), F(i), Cl(I, III, V or VII); products of the oxide reaction nonmetalists
with the water and estequiometría of resulting acids; diminution of the
reactivity and oxidating power of halogenous of F 2 to I 2
Reaction of Na 2 S 2 Or 3 with iodo. The
more common states of oxidation are Pb(II), Bi(III). Reaction of halogenous with
water.
- Elements of block " d ": the more common states of oxidation
for metals of this block (Cr(III or VI), Mn(II, IV or VI), Fe(II or III),
Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(I or II), Ag(I), Zn(II), Hg(I or II)). Colors in watery
dissolution of ions of the most common metals of block " d " and the valence of
the cations that form. Pasivación of chromium, iron and aluminum, products of
the reduction of the permanganato based on pH. - Prediction of oxidation
reactions (with base in the values of normal potentials of reduction). Acid
Solubilización of metals in the middle diluted.
- Hidróxidos with
anfóteras properties. Anions commonly used like oxidants.
- industrial
important compound Obtaining (H 2 UNDER 4 NH 3
Na 2 CO 3 CL 2 NaOH, HNO 3 .
- natural Cycles: nitrogen, oxygen and carbon.
- Alcanos.
Nomenclature Iupac. Hibridación sp 3 Optical and geometric isomerism.
Configurations R and S. Confórmeros. Projections of Fischer and Newman. Physical
properties. Main reactions of the alcanos: halogenación, oxidation and
pyrolysis.
- Cicloalcanos. Nomenclature Iupac. Conformation. Stability
of the components of the cicloalcanos: I connect equatorial and axial.
-
Alquenos. Nomenclature Iupac. Hibridación sp 2 Geometric isomerism.
Methods of obtaining in the laboratory. Main reactions of the alquenos:
reduction, addition and ozonólisis.
- Alquinos. Nomenclature Iupac.
Hibridación sp. Methods of obtaining in the laboratory. Main reactions of the
alquinos: addition, oxidation and reduction. Acidity of the alquinos.
-
Halogenuros of I rent. Nomenclature. Obtaining. Reactions of substitution and
elimination.
- aromatic Compounds. Benzene: structure and aromaticidad.
Derivatives of the benzene. Nomenclature. Reactions of electrofílica
substitution and effect of the sustituyente. Alquilbencenos.
- Alcohol
and fenoles Nomenclatura and classification. Identification. Alcohol synthesis.
Obtaining of fenoles. Alcohol reactions: rupture of the connection C-oh, rupture
of connection O-h. Reactions of fenoles: Acidity. Formation of ethers and
esters.
- Aldehydes and ketones. Structure and nomenclature. Methods of
aldehyde obtaining: primary and metilbencenos alcohol oxidation, acid chloride
reduction. Methods of ketone obtaining: secondary alcohol oxidation and
acilación of Friedel-Crats. Reactions of aldehydes and ketones: oxidation of
aldehydes and metilcetonas (reaction of haloformo), reduction, nucleofílica
addition (ammonia Grignard, cyanides, derivatives). Cetálicos connections, hemi,
their importance in sugars.
- Acidity of hydrogens to a the group
carbonilo: tautomerism ceto-enol. Aldólica Concensación. Reactions of
identification.
- Acid carboxílicos. Nomenclature Iupac. Methods of
obtaining: oxidation. Hydrolysis of nitrilos, esters, and carbonation of
reagents of Grignard. Carboxílicos acid reactions: conversion to functional
derivatives (acid chlorides, esters and amides) and reduction. Acids I gave or
tricarboxílicos. Aromatic acids and their obtaining.
- carboxílicos acid
Derivatives. Acid chlorides: nomenclature, obtaining and reactions (obtaining of
acids, amides, esters and acilación of Friedel-Crafts). Anhídridos of acid:
nomenclature, obtaining and reactions (amide hydrolysis, obtaining, esters and
acilación of Friedel-Crafts). Amides: nomenclature, obtaining and hydrolysis.
- Amines. Nomenclature and classification. Methods of obtaining:
reduction of groups nitro and nitrilo, and halogenous reaction with ammoniac.
Aromatic and alifáticas amine basicity. Reactions: conversion to amides,
reactions with nitrous acid. Obtaining and reactions of salts of diazonio.
- Estequiometría. Estereoisómeros. Enantiómeros. Diasteroisómeros.
Confórmeros. Annotation.
- Amino acids and peptides: ionic structure of
the amino acids; it connects peptide. Iso-electric point. Classification in
groups of the twenty amino acids.
- Proteins: basic structure of
proteins. Denaturation by change of pH, temperature, metals and EtOH.
-
greasy Fatty acids and: Nomenclature IUPAC from the C4 to the C18. Soaps and
detergents.
- Carbohydrates: fruitful glucose and. Glucosídico
connection of the disacáridos ones.
- Macro-molecules. Curing by free
radicals.
- Thermodynamic: System and its environs. First law of the
thermodynamics. Heat, energy and work. Relation between entalpía and energy.
Functions of state. Cycle of Carnot and other processes. Definition of heat
capacity. Law of Hess. Use of entalpías of standard formation. Entalpías of
combustion, dissolution and solvatación. Energies of union (definition and
uses). Second law of the thermodynamics: entropy definition (q/T).
Entropy and disorder. Relation G=h - TS AG and directionality of the
changes.
- Gases: Law of ideal gases, concept of partial pressure.
Properties critics.
- System of phases: Steam pressure of a liquid and
its dependency of the temperature. Law of Henry. Law of Raoult. Coligativas
properties (elevation of the boiling point, depression of the freezing point).
Determination of mass to molar. Osmótica pressure.
- chemical Balance:
Dynamic model of the chemical balance; expression of the chemical balance in
terms of relative concentrations and relative partial pressures. Relation
between the constant of balance for ideal gases expressed in different terms
(concentration, pressure and fraction to molar). Definition of activity
coefficient.
- ionic Balance: Theory of Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry of
acids and bases. Balance of electrodes: definition of electromotive force,
electrodes of first class, standard potential of electrode. Equation of Nernst.
Electrodes of second class. Laws of Faraday.
- Kinetic of homogenous
reactions: Factors that affect the rapidity of reaction, equation and constant
of speed. Order of reaction. Dependency of the time and the concentration in
reactions of first order, time of average life, and its relation with the
rapidity of the reaction. Deternminante step of the speed. Molecularidad.
Definition of energy of activation and equation of Arrhenius. Calculation of the
rapidity of the reaction for reactions of first order.
- quantum Numbers
n, m, and l. Power levels of the hydrogen atom (formula).
Form of orbital p. Electrons nonmatched up and paramagnetism.
Experimental techniques
- Use of glass material of common
use. Use of volumetric material (pipettes, burettes, matraces, etc.). Use of
pear of suction, gas burner, electrical balance.
- Assembly of equipment of
common use. Distillation. Filtration. Movement. Degree. Drying. Calcination.
- Determi nación de puntos de fusión.
- El uso de otro material se hará
con ayuda de instructores.
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